Phonology – patterns of sound errors, the child may delete one sound from a consonant cluster (saying “poon” for “spoon” and “back” for “black” or substitute all sounds made in the back of the mouth for those in the front of the mouth (saying “tup” for “cup”)

Stammering – disruptions in the fluency of speech, the child may use repetitions of words, parts of words, or prolongations of sounds.

Articulation – errors in the production of speech sounds, the child may substitute, delete, add, or change sounds (saying “wabbit” for “rabbit” or a lisp).

Voice – unusual vocal quality, the child’s voice sounds harsh, hoarse, or breathy.

Childhood Apraxia of Speech – motor speech disorder, the child knows what he/she wants to say, but his/her brain has difficulty coordinating the muscle movements needed, the child has problems saying sounds, syllables, and words.

Expressive Language – difficulty using spoken language to express thoughts, the child may have trouble naming objects/pictures, putting words into sentences, having conversations, or using proper grammar.

Receptive Language – difficulty understanding what is said, the child may have trouble following directions, understanding questions, or identifying objects/pictures.